Materials:
A metal sample (such as copper, aluminium, or iron) Two copper wires that have been insulated
A power supply (e.g. battery)
A voltmeter
An ammeter
A thermometer
A hot plate or Bunsen burner
A beaker or other water-holding container
Procedure:
Create a piece of uniform shape and size from the metal sample (e.g. a wire or rod).
Determine and document the dimensions of the metal specimen (e.g. length, cross-sectional area).
Connect the positive terminal of the power source to one end of one of the insulated wires, and the other end to one end of the metal sample.
Connect one end of the second insulated wire to the power source’s negative terminal and the other end to the opposite end of the metal sample.
Connect the voltmeter to the metal sample in parallel (i.e. one probe to each end of the sample).
Connect the ammeter to the metal sample in series (i.e. one probe to each end of the sample).
Place the metal sample and wires in the water, ensuring that they do not touch the container’s sides or bottom.
Utilizing the hot plate or Bunsen burner, warm the water container.
Using the thermometer, record the initial temperature of the water while it is being heated.
Record the voltage and current readings from the voltmeter and ammeter once the water reaches a steady temperature (e.g., 50°C).
At various temperatures (e.g., 60°C, 70°C, 80°C), repeat step 10 and record the temperature, voltage, and current each time.
Once sufficient data has been collected, plot the voltage and current readings as a function of temperature.
Calculate the sample’s resistance at each temperature using Ohm’s law (R = V / I).
Calculate the sample’s electrical conductivity at each temperature using the formula = 1/, where is the resistance per unit length (i.e. R/A, where A is the cross-sectional area).
Plot the sample metal’s electrical conductivity as a function of temperature.
Analysis:
Analyze the experimental data collected.
Determine the relationship between the temperature and electrical conductivity of the metal sample by analysing the data trends.
Consider any potential sources of error and enhancements to the experimental design.
While conducting any experiment involving heat and electrical circuits, it is crucial to observe all safety precautions.
